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Edward Bernays Essay - 749 Words

Edward Bernays is often referred to as the father of public relations. Does he deserve this title? This essay will consist what Edward Bernays and Ivy Lee had to offer to the world in regards to PR with historical reference. The essay will then come to a conclusion whether Bernays deserves the title Father of Public Relations. According to Stuart Ewan (1996) at the start of 1910’s Bernays was the most significant pioneer of American Public Relations. Even though his biography was not very popular, he was a vital part of the reason of the configuration of the present world. Bernays was born in Vienna 1891; according to Stuart Ewan (1996) Sigmund Freud was Bernays uncle. His family background astonished him and gave him a vast amount†¦show more content†¦He also told India that America had a stereotypical idea of their country being the home of snake charmers and sacred cows, and if they wanted to be known they should add the bill of rights to their constitution. And after paying his fee after three days they added the bill of rights to their constitution. According Mark Pack.2009. [Online]In 1906 Ivy Lee created and issued the first press release. This was created after a very big Railroad accident in the US Pennsylvania. There were wrong statements being made about the accident so Ivy Lee made a Press Release for photographer and journalist and even got them a train to travel to the scene of the accident. According to Princeton University Library. 1997. [Online] In 1908 Ivy Lee was in charge of the Publicity Bureau with Pennsylvania Railroads after publishing the press release. According to Michael Turney.2000. [Online] In 1906 Ivy Lee circulated the Declaration of Principle to the media. The reason they distributed the declaration was because there was too much manipulated news coverage and incorrect stories. These are some of the extracts of the Declaration from Michael Turney.2000. [Online] : â€Å"In Brief, our plan is frankly, and openly, on behalf of business concerns and public institutions, to supply the press and public of the United States prompt and accurate information concerning subjects which it is of value and interest to the public to know about†. Iv came to the Conclusion that EdwardShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Edward Bernays1520 Words   |  7 Pagescompany based on how they portray themselves ethically. However, there have been several instances where people have acted unethically in the field of Public Relations and still became successful. In the case of Edward Bernays, acting ethically was not a point of emphasis. In fact, Bernays’ unethical public relations tactics and use of propaganda brought him fame and notoriety in the world of public relations, to the point that he has been nicknamed the ‘father of public relations.’ One of his mostRead MoreFather of Spin: Analysis of Book on Edward Bernays1692 Words   |  7 PagesEdward L. Bernays deserves recognition far greater than that which he receives. â€Å"The father of spin† documents the career of Edward Bernays, the man himself and the monumental findings that precede him. Bernays not only fathered public relations as we know it he also sh aped molded and embodied ideal practices of public relations and spin in everything that he did. Bernays and his studies did the unthinkable in that they were able to grasp the social, political, economic and cultural developmentsRead MoreGreed And Consumerism810 Words   |  4 Pagesof purchases. Edward Bernays, an Austrian-American pioneer of public relations and propaganda, often referred to as the ‘Father of Public Relations’ was the first to realise the socioeconomic benefit of undermining and violating the mental processes of the mass with regards to marketing schemes. â€Å"We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, and our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of†¦. It is they who pull the wires that control the public mind.† Bernays implies thatRead MoreEssay on American Consumer Culture1031 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumerism in the United States is also linked to the birth of public relations. Around 1915, the â€Å"father of modern public relations†, Edward Bernays, came up with propaganda techniques for the U.S. government in relation to World War I in order to influence public opinion about the war. After his success in getting support for the government in wartime, Bernays began to apply the same knowledge during peacetime in the areas of business and commerce. One of his famous expressions is, The consciousRead MorePublic Relations Should Not Be Practiced1941 Words   |  8 Pagesand aims to inform and unify ideas of a whole. When public relation meets marginalized groups they may won’t support them. Edward Bernays and other scholars note that public relation is propaganda and assists the government and therefore it might be against the â€Å"left out† groups or on the other hand, public relation will perhaps support them. Other scholars including Bernays, such as Ivy Lee and Carl Byoir played a role in modern public relation but were also responsible for the similarity with propagandaRead MoreMy Experience At The University Of Iowa2795 Words   |  12 Pagescreativ ity, and public influence on an impressive scale. One such example is Edward Bernays, an American publicist who used his vision, imagination, and ingenuity to change the world. Bernays took the time to be with us today to help us understand the diverse roles within the business and to clear up the constant confusion that remains regarding the relationship between journalists and public relation professionals. Bernays emphasizes the fact that there is a mutually dependent relationship betweenRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 PagesPROPAGANDA By EDWARD L. BERNAYS 1928 CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. ORGANIZING CHAOS .................................................. THE NEW PROPAGANDA ............................................ THE NEW PROPAGANDISTS .... 9 19 32 47 62 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS BUSINESS AND THE PUBLIC .... PROPAGANDA AND POLITICAL LEADERSHIP 92 WOMENS ACTIVITIES AND PROPAGANDA . . . 115 121 135 141 150 PROPAGANDA FOR EDUCATION PROPAGANDA IN SOCIAL SERVICERead MoreModern Society and Consumerism Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesand friends. Another significant development occurred in the late 1920’s to early 1930’s: the revolution of advertisement. Edward Bernays, nephew to the famed neurologist Sigmund Freud, became known as the â€Å"father of public relations,† being recruited for marketing campaigns for all sorts of companies, the first of which being the American Tobacco Company (Grant). Bernays gained much notoriety after studying his uncle’s writings on psychology, learning that humans chiefly react to emotions or feelingsRead More The Conspiracy of Water Fluoridation Essay examples2834 Words   |  12 PagesJust as antifluoridationists developed Communist and fascist conspiracies, opponents also created and attacked Communist and fascist political figureheads. Oscar Ewing became the Communist figurehead while Edward L. Bernays became the fascist figurehead. During the 1940s and 1950s, Bernays was in charge of public relations for the USPHS and the developer of the profluoridati on propaganda campaign. His successful use of propaganda earned him the reputation as America’s â€Å"Spin Doctor.† As the â€Å"fatherRead MoreEdward Bernay s Crystallizing Public Opinion1192 Words   |  5 PagesEdward Bernay’s â€Å"Crystallizing Public Opinion† gives readers an insight on public relations and public opinions on its history and how it came about. The text was broken up into four different parts: scope and functions, the group and herd, technique and method, and lastly ethical relations. Each parts has certain chapter topics leads to the next which leads to the next parts of the book. The text is very helpful for those who are in public relations, I would not say the book was easy nor difficult

Child Labor was a Ghastly Result of the Industrial Revolution

EVOLUTION OF CHILD LABOR Child labor has come to be regarded as a ghastly by-product of the industrial revolution. The cruelty described in much of the historical literature has made the employment of children the industrial revolution’s most despised feature. Poverty is the root cause of child labor. Parents send their children for work to earn money for household survival. The entire family is working to run their lives. This popular argument makes banning child labor lose much of its force. The market has been treating child labor as a cheaply available human resource that can be exploited to extract unskilled labor at almost no cost. Many organizations replace their adult labor force with child labor to reduce costs. This has led to†¦show more content†¦Few non-governmental agencies state that the count is close to 6 crore (60 million) including the rural agricultural workers; others claim that the number could be 100 million, if one were to define all children out of school as child lab orers. The report from International Labor Organization estimates that 218 million children ages 5-17 are engaged in child labor the world over. In India, an estimated 14% of children between the ages of 5-14 are engaged in child labor activities, including carpet production. It has been projected that it would cost $760 billion over a 20-year period to end child labor. This estimated benefit in terms of good education, health and basic facilities is about 6 times that — over $4 trillion in economies where child laborers are found. Some children are forced to work up to 18 hours a day, often never leaving the confines of the factory or loom shed. Child trafficking has increased in many parts of India where girls are initially recruited to work in carpet factories or handicrafts etc but are then trafficked into the sex industry over the border in India. The recent report of International Confederation of Free Trade Unions shows that as many as 60 million children working i n India are in agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors. An insight can be drawn from the report that Indias booming economy is taking advantageShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Family Life and Women2656 Words   |  11 PagesThe Industrial Revolution and its Impact on Family Life and Women World Civilization II Edmund Burke once said, Make revolution a parent of settlement, and not a nursery of future revolutions. This comical yet straightforward quote can be related to a time in history called the Industrial Revolution. Throughout history there has been a political, economical, social and cultural revolution. These revolutions has had complex and long lasting impacts on people’s lives, one revolution that hasRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmade for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialistRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pagesexpress written permission of PerfectBoundâ„ ¢. PerfectBound â„ ¢ and the PerfectBoundâ„ ¢ logo are trademarks of HarperCollins Publishers. Adobe Acrobat E-Book Reader edition v 1. October 2001 ISBN 0-06-018987-8 The original hardcover edition of this book was published in 1991 by HarperBusiness, a division of HarperCollins Publishers. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Marie Contents PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PART I Discovering the Chasm INTRODUCTION If Bill Gates

Sartys Conflict in William Faulkners quot;Barn...

Sartys Conflict William Faulkners Barn Burning provides an excellent example of how conflicting loyalties can affect decisions. In Faulkners story, the main character, Sarty, faces such a dilemma. On one hand, Sarty has the morals that society has instilled in him in spite of his father. One the other hand, Sarty has the loyalty to his father because of the blood ties shared between them and the fact that his father raised and provided for him. Ultimately, it is these conflicting ideas that will lead to Sartys final decision. Sarty definitely feels a large obligation to be loyal to his father because of blood ties. Faulkner makes this quite clear in the text several times. Even in the first paragraph Sarty looks at the†¦show more content†¦He was in Colonel Sartoris cavry (Faulkner 87). In spite of his being raised by his father, Sarty still feels loyalty to the morals instilled in him by society. Faulkner first demonstrates this to us when Sarty is called to the stand. Faulkner writes He aims for me to lie, he (Sarty) thought, again with that frantic grief and despair (Faulkner 75). The fact that Sarty felt grief and despair at the idea of lying for his father demonstrates that Sarty knows that it is morally wrong and does have some loyalty to morals. Sarty feels joy at the sight of how big Major de Spains house is because They are safe from him. People whose lives are a part of this peace and dignity are beyond his touch... (Faulkner 78). This proves that Sarty knows and feels that what his father did is morally wrong. He even goes as far as to hope that his father will change and adhere to societys values, as is shown when Faulkner writes Maybe he will feel it too. Maybe it will even change him now from what maybe he couldnt help but be. (Faulkner 79) an d also Maybe this is the end of it (Faulkner 82) Sartys adherence to societys morals make him consider betraying his father, shown in the lines I could keep on, he thought, I could run on and on and never look back, never need to see his face again (Faulkner 85). Sartys devotion to the morals instilled in him by society is ultimately shown when he betrays his father and warns Major deShow MoreRelated Barn Burning Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pages Barn Burning amp;quot;You’re getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain’t going to have any blood to stick to you.amp;quot; This quote from William Faulkner’s amp;quot;Barn Burningamp;quot; does reveal a central issue in the story, as Jane Hiles suggests in her interpretation. The story is about blood ties, but more specifically, how these ties affect Sarty (the central character of the story). The story examines the internal conflict and dilemma

Macroeconomics in US Free Essays

US Economy is a mixed economy where the private sector plays a major role in economic activity and the role of government is minimal compared to other industrialized countries like Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavian Countries and East European countries. However after the Great depression in1930’s the government at least used monetary and fiscal policy to achieve the macroeconomic objectives of full-employment, price stability External balance and non-inflationary economic growth. However the reliance on the above macroeconomic policy varied from one administration to the next after world war II as well the orientation towards fiscal and monetary policy to control or stabilize the economy or in other words there is controversy among economist whether the fiscal and monetary policy will actually work in practice and to the extent to its effectiveness in stabilizing the economy or whether these policies may be counter productive to the market economies and the causes of economic cycles and explanation of the causes of the great depression at least among US economist or among economist in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomics in US or any similar topic only for you Order Now However even with these controversies and differing perspectives how the economic variables relate and the differing confidence of market mechanisms to come to equilibrium at full employment if the market is allowed to work without any interference the monetary authorities intervene in the economy to correct market failure and other externalities or for some political and welfare reasons. In this context it is necessary to consider the effectiveness of these policies in the context of empirical evidence and give due  consideration of the structural or institutional framework and the market conditions particularly the labor market conditions in US in goods markets as well as in the financial market structure and workings within the context of global economic interdependencies between economies in the contemporary economic climate as well as how the agents react or form expectation about inflation as well as the political imperatives influencing policy orientation in US. In macroeconomic policy development in the context of the US political institutional structure and political process as well as the probability of economic shocks and political shocks in other parts and how these affects the occurrence of   volatility in economic performance and the current concerns of environmental issues and the cost and benefits and the impact of regulation on the level of economic activity and the rate of economic growth fluctuation and its predictability or uncertainty in forecasting economic outlook for short, medium term . As well the cost of oil and the political instability in the middle east and how the energy issue is addressed in US by the market mechanism will definitely affect the economic performance in a macroeconomic perspective for US in the future and the importance or other wise of macroeconomic policies or the status of macroeconomics in general as opposed to neoclassical economics or microeconomics foundation or neoclassical monetarist perspectives and less preference to fiscal policies and micro economic reform or supply-side economics and minimal interference by government in the market operation. The effectiveness of Fiscal and Monetary policy in US In context of US economic system and the flexibility of markets to responds to changes in demand and supply and other economic information particularly the labor market flexibility in the US compared to other industrialized countries and historically less preference of economic agents for government to be interfere in the market and in its political institutions suggests that rational expectation theory may be mostly applicable to US and there fore the effectiveness of Fiscal and monetary policy may be less effective in US compared to other industrialized countries and microeconomic reform polices and neoclassical monetary theory may be most applicable in the US context. However the expectation formation in reality is not completely rational and adaptation may also be not rational completely and there fore at least in short term monetary policy may be effective in controlling the rate of inflation in the context of US economy and keep the inflation target at optimum level. In practice the monetary and fiscal policy has time lag to work in practice and there fore if they are used to stabilize the economy because of the time lag it takes to work it may increase the cyclical boom bust pattern of economic development and there fore loose its credibility particularly the discretionary fiscal and monetary policy in reducing unemployment or controlling inflation. Or it may be achieving low unemployment at a very high rate of inflation or low inflation at a high level of  unemployment in the short term and in long term the economy will move towards the original level because of the market incorporates all expectation rationally and moves to  the non-accelerated Inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) as well flexibility in the labor market to a greater extent because of less stringent regulation of labor market in US compared to say for example Germany or other advanced European economies. However fiscal, and monetary policy has worked in short term in context of high unemployment at least after the great depression for some time in the 1990’s and still has a role to play at least to control inflation and response to inflationary shocks by monetary policy. In summary given the empirical evidence and the market characteristics of US and the Institutional frame work politically and socially the macroeconomic polices effectiveness suggests in practice to be less effective in US context. Conclusion As discussed above in US Macroeconomics is considered at least in terms of its usefulness to some extent achieve its macroeconomic objectives. However the effectiveness of such policies and the controversy among economists in regards to trade –off between economic variables and its relationships in US context reduces its importance and move towards to microeconomic foundations of Says Low or neo macroeconomic foundations and far from Keynesian Economics of fiscal policy particularly the discretionary fiscal policy and deficit financing to reduce unemployment because of market failure. This to some extent due to Friedman monetary revolution in US and  cased doubt about the inflationary outcomes of fiscal policy and crowding out effect and its impact on interest rat and its effect on investment level and there fore not increasing output and employment level but on prices. In addition as discussed above due to the political institutional structure and expectation formation in US the macroeconomic  foundations are contentious in US. In addition the flexibility of labor market and other markets in US suggests that market may work in an opposite direction to nullify the impact of these policies on macro economic variables such as employment level and inflation and increases the adoption of microeconomic reform and supply-side economics to address economic growth, unemployment, price stability and external balance rather than only relying on macroeconomic policies and macroeconomic theories which has many controversies and diverse policy prescriptions to address any macroeconomic objective and the trade-off between these objectives and the relationships between economic variables. Given the macroeconomic knowledge how an economy works is incomplete and its predicts are far from certain. There foe given the arguments and the discussion it can be said macroeconomics in US has a role to play in formulating polices in the future however given the practical issues of macroeconomic policy effectiveness micro foundations of economy may become important in the future in context of US market conditions and flexibility as well as how expectations are formed and adaptations of expectations in practice and political institutional and political orientation towards a free market perspective. Bibliography Brayton. F, Mauskpf. E, Reifschneider. D, Tinsley. P, Williams. J. (1997). The Role of Expectations in FRB/US macroeconomic model. Federal Reserve Bulletin. Retrieved March, 2, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m4126/is_n4_v83/ai_19405190 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. (1997). What is the Optimal Rate of Inflation?. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Reteived march 2, 2007, from http://www.frbsf.org/econrsrch/wklyltr/el97-27.html Fiscal and monetary policy – comparisons (n.d). Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/fiscal_monetary_comparison.htm Palley. T. (1998). Zero is not the Optimal rate of Inflation. Challenge, 41, 1, Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5001329648 Roach.S. (2006). Global economy, Chinese economic policy, US hosing slump, Money Week. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from http://www.moneyweek.com/file/21503/the-two-key-issues-facing-the-global-economy.html How to cite Macroeconomics in US, Essay examples

Franco Zefirelli film Essay Example For Students

Franco Zefirelli film Essay The task set is to watch and analyze the opening sequences to the Franco Zefirelli film and also the Baz Luhrmann version. Both directors have used different techniques in the films to represent different opinions and emotions for the characters. The versions use a narrator to show and explain a storyline but in different ways to each other. One is a modern version and the other uses older fashioned styles and techniques of filming. The Franco Zefirelli film has quite a difference in ideas for the film compared to the novel and stage play. But back in the days of the Franco Zefirelli film it was said to of been the best of that time, and also was know to be good for the translation from a stage play and then into a film. The opening scene of the Shakespeare play has a narrator of that time of who reads out the prologue. The films prologue has images in the background of the town of Verona of which is where the play is set. In the original stage version the narrator would have stood at the front of the stage and recited the words in front of the audience. Franco Zefirellis version of the film has various ideas which were very innovative for the time of making of this film. The music which he has used fits in so well with the separate scenes which they have been used in. Once used in the opening scene, the music instantly is recognized due to the film becoming so famous; the music was soft, romantic and slow. The voice over (prologue) is used before the opening scene begins. There are many different representations used in the opening scene such as the early morning mist over the city which shows that it will be a hot new start to the day. The director has shown these images to set the scene and to make the film more realistic which is classed as continuity editing. Franco Zefirelli has used many different types of camera shots to make the film more realistic and also to make it more exciting and make the audience feel as if we are actually there. He uses mid shots and close-ups at ground level in the market scene to show the action and make us feel as if we are there. It also gives the audience a good view of what is going on in the different scenes. The city in which the film is set does not look as if it is a stage play with cardboard cutouts as house which you would expect but it appears to be an actual real city in which it has been filmed. The selection of costumes in which Franco Zefirelli uses in his version can easily show who belongs to the Montague, Capulet family and also for the two different families. We can tell this by the bright and dark colours used. Once the civil brawl breaks out, due to Franco Zefirellis wish to show the amount of chaos it brings to the whole of Verona, he decides to drop the idea of continuity editing and then he begins to use different shots such as long and panoramic views to capture more of the action in one full shot. Also, when Tybalt enters onto the scene there is an instant close up onto his and his companions feet then the camera makes a tilt and then zooms in to a close up of his face. The brawl and all the noise stops and this show that he plays an important part in the play and is the opening to the second part of the brawl. We then see the prince entering into the fight scene and the camera is on the rooftops looking down on him. The trumpets play to represent that someone of importance has arrived which alerts everyone in the street. .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c , .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .postImageUrl , .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c , .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:hover , .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:visited , .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:active { border:0!important; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:active , .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f94d6a105353883d4265c87d852a62c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Summary - Interview with a Vampire EssayThe camera follows the prince and then tilts up to show his importance like Tybalt. This shows his authority over the whole town. Baz Luhrmann version of Romeo and Juliet is very different compared to Franco Zefirelli film but in some ways very similar. Baz Luhrmann decides not to use continuity editing because he makes this into a much more modern version and parts of this film can become very hard to follow and believe they could happen in real life. He has also used appealing features to attract younger people to the newer version of the film. For example the prologue of this version of the film begins off with a zoomed out view of a TV news reader inside a TV and then the camera slowly zooms in on the TV. At the same time as zooming in the news reader is reading out the classic prologue word for word but like a news story, accompanied by images from the film. This immediately shows that this is a modern version of the famous script. Dramatic and loud music accompanies the images and also the voice over of the prologue. The images and titles are flashed on the screen to capture the attention of the audience. All of this and his camera work show that there is a dramatic film ahead and also excitement which in young audiences may not generally associate with Shakespeare. Also the camera work uses many different kinds of shots whilst transitioning among images. Both families meet at a petrol station: Unlike the Zefirelli film, which has traditional opening in Verona market place, there are many signs and ideas which show that the director has tried to relate as much as possible to the real script of the original stage play. Some of these are small extras such as on the bottom of the pistol it says sword, which links in with the dialogue when the fight begins. During this fight Baz Luhrmann has used slow motion and has also speeded up some of the parts of this brawl; this adds to the exciting effect and emphasizes the importance of the battle. The camera work for this scene has been very carefully thought out; Baz Luhrmann seems to have used ideas from Franco Zefirelli camera work. For example when Tybalt makes his entry in the older version there is a close up of his feet, and Baz Luhrmans also has used this idea in this version. Also another excellent example of this copying of techniques is when the prince enters (in this case police chief); this is a good example because he arrives in a helicopter high up, this is like the first version as him being high up emphasizes his importance. Here it is a helicopter as it is a more modern version of transport compared to the Zefirellis idea of a horse which was a modern method of transport then. My favourite camera shot is the way that both directors have use close ups. They have been used nearly exactly the same way in each film. Both directors used these shots at the beginning of the brawl between the two families. The main close up is on the character that basically begins the brawl. The close up which is used aims directly at the feet of him and his companions. The directors have used this to show that the amount of people in this close up gives the idea that trouble is stirring. I particularly liked Baz Luhrmans speeding up of a clip in the petrol station with Tybalt. When the enemy begins to drive away the director shows him drop to the ground and whilst doing that he has speeded up the part with him taking off his coat. .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 , .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .postImageUrl , .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 , .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:hover , .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:visited , .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:active { border:0!important; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:active , .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6 .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2e00ef5be6ea54a73353cb3d8d41bcc6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - Pretty Woman EssayThis shows a quick action which catches the audiences attention. He then kisses his weapon (the pistol, i. e. sword-weapon) which shows his violence and aggression, and then shoots at the Montagues. Overall my favourite opening sequence of the two films is the Baz Luhrmann version. This is because despite the lack of continuity editing I find it much easier to follow and more appealing to the younger generation because it uses much more action and includes more excitement. For example the way that the director has used modern weapons and transport.

George Washington Carver Essay Contest Example For Students

George Washington Carver Essay Contest Born in Westmoreland County, Va., on Feb. 22, 1732, George Washington was the eldest son of Augustine Washington and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington, who were prosperous Virginia gentry of English descent. George spent his early years on the family estate on Popes Creek along the Potomac River. His early education included the study of such subjects as mathematics, surveying, the classics, and rules of civility. His father died in 1743, and soon thereafter George went to live with his half brother Lawrence at Mount Vernon, Lawrences plantation on the Potomac. Lawrence, who became something of a substitute father for his brother, had married into the Fairfax family, prominent and influential Virginians who helped launch Georges career. An early ambition to go to sea had been effectively discouraged by Georges mother; instead, he turned to surveying, securing (1748) an appointment to survey Lord Fairfaxs lands in the Shenandoah Valley. He helped lay out the Virginia town of Belha ven (now Alexandria) in 1749 and was appointed surveyor for Culpeper County. George accompanied his brother to Barbados in an effort to cure Lawrence of tuberculosis, but Lawrence died in 1752, soon after the brothers returned. George ultimately inherited the Mount Vernon estate. By 1753 the growing rivalry between the British and French over control of the Ohio Valley, soon to erupt into the French and Indian War (1754-63), created new opportunities for the ambitious young Washington. He first gained public notice when, as adjutant of one of Virginias four military districts, he was dispatched (October 1753) by Gov. Robert Dinwiddie on a fruitless mission to warn the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf against further encroachment on territory claimed by Britain. Washingtons diary account of the dangers and difficulties of his journey, published at Williamsburg on his return, may have helped win him his ensuing promotion to lieutenant colonel. Although only 22 years of age and lackin g experience, he learned quickly, meeting the problems of recruitment, supply, and desertions with a combination of brashness and native ability that earned him the respect of his superiors. French and Indian War. In April 1754, on his way to establish a post at the Forks of the Ohio (the current site of Pittsburgh), Washington learned that the French had already erected a fort there. Warned that the French were advancing, he quickly threw up fortifications at Great Meadows, Pa., aptly naming the entrenchment Fort Necessity, and marched to intercept advancing French troops. In the resulting skirmish the French commander the sieur de Jumonville was killed and most of his men were captured. Washington pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (July 3) by the French in an all-day battle fought in a drenching rain. Surrounded by enemy troops, with his food supply almost exhausted and his dampened ammunition useless, Washington capitulated. Under the terms of the surrender signed that day, he was permitted to march his troops back to Williamsburg. Discouraged by his defeat and angered by discrimination between British and colonial officers in rank and pay, he resigned his commission near the end of 1754. The next year, however, he volunteered to join British general Edward Braddocks expedition against the French. When Braddock was ambushed by the French and their Indian allies on the Monongahela River, Washington, although seriously ill, tried to rally the Virginia troops. Whatever public criticism attended the debacle, Washingtons own military reputation was enhanced, and in 1755, at the age of 23, he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander in chief of the Virginia militia, with responsibility for defending the frontier. In 1758 he took an active part in Gen. John Forbess successful campaign against Fort Duquesne. From his correspondence during these years, Washington can be seen evolving from a brash, vain, and opinionated young officer, impatient with restraints and given to writing admonitory letters to his superiors, to a mature soldier with a grasp of administration and a firm understanding of how to deal effectively with civil aut hority. Virginia Politician. Assured that the Virginia frontier was safe from French attack, Washington left the army in 1758 and returned to Mount Vernon, directing his attention toward restoring his neglected estate. He erected new buildings, refurnished the house, and experimented with new crops. With the support of an ever-growing circle of influential friends, he entered politics, serving (1759-74) in Virginias House of Burgesses. In January 1759 he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy and attractive young widow with two small children. It was to be a happy and satisfying marriage. After 1769, Washington became a leader in Virginias opposition to Great Britains colonial policies. At first he hoped for reconciliation with Britain, although some British policies had touched him personally. Discrimination against colonial military officers had rankled deeply, and British land policies and restrictions on western expansion after 1763 had seriously hindered his plans for western land speculation. In additi on, he shared the usual planters dilemma in being continually in debt to his London agents. As a delegate (1774-75) to the First and Second Continental Congress, Washington did not participate actively in the deliberations, but his presence was undoubtedly a stabilizing influence. In June 1775 he was Congresss unanimous choice as commander in chief of the Continental forces. American Revolution. Biography on Benjamin Franklin EssayWashington took command of the troops surrounding British-occupied Boston on July 3, devoting the next few months to training the undisciplined 14,000-man army and trying to secure urgently needed powder and other supplies. Early in March 1776, using cannon brought down from Ticonderoga by Henry Knox, Washington occupied Dorchester Heights, effectively commanding the city and forcing the British to evacuate on March 17. He then moved to defend New York City against the combined land and sea forces of Sir William Howe. In New York he committed a military blunder by occupying an untenable position in Brooklyn, although he saved his army by skillfully retreating from Manhattan into Westchester County and through New Jersey into Pennsylvania. In the last months of 1776, desperately short of men and supplies, Washington almost despaired. He had lost New York City to the British; enlistment was almost up for a number of the troops, and others were dese rting in droves; civilian morale was falling rapidly; and Congress, faced with the possibility of a British attack on Philadelphia, had withdrawn from the city. Colonial morale was briefly revived by the capture of Trenton, N.J., a brilliantly conceived attack in which Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night 1776 and surprised the predominantly Hessian garrison. Advancing to Princeton, N.J., he routed the British there on Jan. 3, 1777, but in September and October 1777 he suffered serious reverses in Pennsylvaniaat Brandywine and Germantown. The major success of that yearthe defeat (October 1777) of the British at Saratoga, N.Y.had belonged not to Washington but to Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates. The contrast between Washingtons record and Gatess brilliant victory was one factor that led to the so-called Conway Cabalan intrigue by some members of Congress and army officers to replace Washington with a more successful commander, probably Gates. Washington acted qu ickly, and the plan eventually collapsed due to lack of public support as well as to Washingtons overall superiority to his rivals. After holding his bedraggled and dispirited army together during the difficult winter at Valley Forge, Washington learned that France had recognized American independence. With the aid of the Prussian Baron von Steuben and the French marquis de LaFayette, he concentrated on turning the army into a viable fighting force, and by spring he was ready to take the field again. In June 1778 he attacked the British near Monmouth Courthouse, N.J., on their withdrawal from Philadelphia to New York. Although American general Charles Lees lack of enterprise ruined Washingtons plan to strike a major blow at Sir Henry Clintons army at Monmouth, the commander in chiefs quick action on the field prevented an American defeat. In 1780 the main theater of the war shifted to the south. Although the campaigns in Virginia and the Carolinas were conducted by other generals, i ncluding Nathanael Greene and Daniel Morgan, Washington was still responsible for the overall direction of the war. After the arrival of the French army in 1780 he concentrated on coordinating allied efforts and in 1781 launched, in cooperation with the comte de Rochambeau and the comte dEstaing, the brilliantly planned and executed Yorktown Campaign against Charles Cornwallis, securing (Oct. 19, 1781) the American victory. Washington had grown enormously in stature during the war. A man of unquestioned integrity, he began by accepting the advice of more experienced officers such as Gates and Charles Lee, but he quickly learned to trust his own judgment. He sometimes railed at Congress for its failure to supply troops and for the bungling fiscal measures that frustrated his efforts to secure adequate materiel. Gradually, however, he developed what was perhaps his greatest strength in a society suspicious of the militaryhis ability to deal effectively with civil authority. Whatever h is private opinions, his relations with Congress and with the state governments were exemplarydespite the fact that his wartime powers sometimes amounted to dictatorial authority. On the battlefield Washington relied on a policy of trial and error, eventually becoming a master of improvisation. Often accused of being overly cautious, he could be bold when success seemed possible. He learned to use the short-term militia skillfully and to combine green troops with veterans to produce an efficient fighting force. After the war Washington returned to Mount Vernon, which had declined in his absence. Although he became president of the Society of the Cincinnati, an organization of former Revolutionary War officers, he avoided involvement in Virginia politics. Preferring to concentrate on restoring Mount Vernon, he added a greenhouse, a mill, an icehouse, and new land to the estate. He experimented with crop rotation, bred hunting dogs and horses, investigated the development of Potomac R iver navigation, undertook various commercial ventures, and traveled (1784) west to examine his land holdings near the Ohio River. His diary notes a steady stream of visitors, native and foreign; Mount Vernon, like its owner, had already become a national institution. In May 1787, Washington headed the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convension in Philadelphia and was unanimously elected presiding officer. His presence lent prestige to the proceedings, and although he made few direct contributions, he generally supported the advocates of a strong central government. After the new Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification and became legally operative, he was unanimously elected president (1789). The PresidencyTaking office (Apr. 30, 1789) in New York City, Washington acted carefully and deliberately, aware of the need to build an executive structure that could accommodate future presidents. Hoping to prevent sectionalism from dividing the new nation, he tour ed the New England states (1789) and the South (1791). An able administrator, he nevertheless failed to heal the widening breach between factions led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Because he supported many of Hamiltons controversial fiscal policiesthe assumption of state debts, the Bank of the United States, and the excise taxWashington became the target of attacks by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans. Washington was reelected president in 1792, and the following year the most divisive crisis arising out of the personal and political conflicts within his cabinet occurredover the issue of American neutrality during the war between England and France. Washington, whose policy of neutrality angered the pro-French Jeffersonians, was horrified by the excesses of the French Revolution and enraged by the tactics of Edmond Genet, the French minister in the United States, which amounted to foreign interference in American politics. Further, with an eye toward developing closer commercial ties with the British, the president agreed with the Hamiltonians on the need for peace with Great Britain. His acceptance of the 1794 Jays Treaty, which settled outstanding differences between the United States and Britain but which Democratic-Republicans viewed as an abject surrender to British demands, revived vituperation against the president, as did his vigorous upholding of the excise law during the WHISKEY REBELLION in western Pennsylvania. Retirement and AssessmentBy March 1797, when Washington left office, the countrys financial system was well established; the Indian threat east of the Mississippi had been largely eliminated; and Jays Treaty and Pinckneys Treaty (1795) with Spain had enlarged U.S. territory and removed serious diplomatic difficulties. In spite of the animosities and conflicting opinions between Democratic-Republicans and members of the Hamiltonian Federalist party, the two groups were at least unit ed in acceptance of the new federal government. Washington refused to run for a third term and, after a masterly Farewell Address in which he warned the United States against permanent alliances abroad, he went home to Mount Vernon. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Federalist John Adams. Although Washington reluctantly accepted command of the army in 1798 when war with France seemed imminent, he did not assume an active role. He preferred to spend his last years in happy retirement at Mount Vernon. In mid-December, Washington contracted what was probably quinsy or acute laryngitis; he declined rapidly and died at his estate on Dec. 14, 1799. Words/ Pages : 2,186 / 24